![]() Īs with any syncopal episode that results from a cardiac dysrhythmia, the fainting does not depend on the patient's position. Breathing typically continues normally throughout the attack, and, upon recovery, the patient becomes flushed as the heart rapidly pumps the oxygenated blood from the pulmonary beds into the systemic circulation, which has become dilated due to hypoxia. (These movements, which are not seizures, occur because of brainstem hypoxia and not due to cortical discharge as is the case for epileptiform seizures). ![]() Abnormal movements may be present, typically consisting of twitching after 15–20 seconds of unconsciousness. Prior to an attack, a patient may be pale with hypoperfusion. Typically an attack occurs without warning, leading to sudden loss of consciousness. It is characterized by an abrupt decrease in cardiac output and loss of consciousness due to a transient arrhythmia for example, bradycardia due to complete heart block. Subsequently, named after two Irish physicians, Robert Adams (1791–1875) and William Stokes (1804–1877), the first description of the syndrome is believed to have been published in 1717 by the Carniolan physician of Slovene descent Marko Gerbec. Stokes–Adams syndrome, Adams–Stokes syndrome or Gerbec–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome is a periodic fainting spell in which there is intermittent complete heart block or other high-grade arrhythmia that results in loss of spontaneous circulation and inadequate blood flow to the brain. ![]() Adams–Stokes syndrome, Gerbezius–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome and Gerbec–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome
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